

















                                     CUBIX
                                 A SINGLE USER
                             DISK OPERATING SYSTEM
                                  FOR THE 6809

                               SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
                                      AND
                                   USER GUIDE

                               Revised: 30-Jul-90










                          Dunfield Development Systems
                          ----------------------------
                             High quality tools for
                              Embedded Development
                                 at low prices.

                            http://www.dunfield.com


                       Copyright 1983-2005 Dave Dunfield
                              All rights Reserved



                                CUBIX User Guide

                               TABLE OF CONTENTS


                                                                         Page

     1. INTRODUCTION                                                        1

        1.1 Getting Started                                                 1

     2. THE FILE SYSTEM                                                     2

        2.1 BLOCK files                                                     2
        2.2 CHARACTER files                                                 2
        2.3 File names                                                      2
        2.4 Wildcards                                                       3
        2.5 File Protections                                                4
        2.6 Load Address                                                    4

     3. SERIAL DEVICES                                                      4


     4. COMMAND MODE                                                        5

        4.1 Return Codes                                                    5

     5. THE SYSTEM LIBRARY                                                  5


     6. COMMAND FILES                                                       6


     7. COMMANDS AND UTILITIES                                              8


     8. APPENDICIES                                                         9

        8.1 APPENDIX 1 - Commonly used file types                           9
        8.2 APPENDIX 2 - Return codes                                      10
        8.3 APPENDIX 3 - Error messages                                    11
        8.4 APPENDIX 4 - Sample command files                              12
    CUBIX User Guide                                                 Page: 1


    1. INTRODUCTION

          CUBIX  (also refered to as DOS)  is a disk operating system  which
       runs on the Motorola 6809 microprocessor.  It is intended to be a ROM
       resident system, and occupies about 6.5 kilobytes of memory excluding
       I/O drivers.  A single 8K ROM provides ample space  to  implement  an
       entire CUBIX system.

          CUBIX provides many facilities, including a file system, a command
       line interpreter, a command file processor,  and an extensive library
       of system services available to applications programs.

          CUBIX may be implemented on any computer system that  has  a  6809
       central processing unit (CPU), at least one disk drive, and a console
       terminal  (or integrated keyboard/video display).  For information on
       porting CUBIX to a  new  hardware  platform,  see  the  CUBIX  SYSTEM
       PORTING GUIDE.

       1.1 Getting Started

             When the system is powered on,  it first performs a test of the
          CUBIX ROM and the  system  RAM.  These  tests  will  take  several
          seconds,  and may be aborted by pressing the  ESCAPE  key  on  the
          console terminal.

             Following the startup tests,  CUBIX outputs its startup message
          and copyright notice.

             If the startup tests were not aborted,  the  system  will  then
          look for a file with the FILENAME  'A:[MAIN]STARTUP.*',  and if it
          is found,  it is processed according to its FILETYPE in  the  same
          manner as are commands  executed  from  the  SYSTEM  LIBRARY  (See
          SYSTEM LIBRARY).

             Finally,  CUBIX will enter its internal command mode  processor
          and output a '*' prompt, awaiting further commands.
    CUBIX User Guide                                                 Page: 2


    2. THE FILE SYSTEM

          The CUBIX file system consists of a set of routines within the DOS
       that allow controlled access to the disk for storage and retrieval of
       programs and information.  Individual programs or collections of data
       on the disk are called files.

          A disk file is a collection of data which is contained on the disk
       in an  organized  and  accessable  structure.  The  DOS  maintains  a
       directory of all files  present  on  the  disk,  as  well  as  a  map
       indicating which disk  sectors  belong  to  which  files,  and  which
       sectors are available for use.

          File access is under the control of the DOS,  and  has  two  major
       types, BLOCK and CHARACTER.

       2.1 BLOCK files

             BLOCK files are written to and read from the disk directly from
          system memory in  512  byte  blocks.  Block  files  are  always  a
          multiple of 512 bytes long,  and may contain all data  bytes  from
          $00 to $FF ('$' indicates a hexidecimal number).  Data transfer to
          and from block files is the fastest form of disk file access.

       2.2 CHARACTER files

             CHARACTER files are written to and read from the disk a  single
          character at a time.  (Data is actually buffered  and  transferred
          to/from the disk in 512 byte blocks by the DOS).  Character  files
          may be any length  (But will always occupy a multiple of 512 bytes
          of disk space),  and may contain any data bytes  except  for  $FF,
          which is used as an END OF FILE marker.

          The DOS does not make any actual  distinction  between  BLOCK  and
       CHARACTER files,  allowing block files to be read as characters,  and
       character files to be read in blocks.  Note that if a file saved as a
       block file contains the data byte $FF,  the remainder  of  that  file
       will not be accessable when performing a character read.

       2.3 File names

             DOS files are always identified and accessed through  a  unique
          FILE SPECIFICATION name.  File  specification's  consist  of  four
          parts, a DRIVE SPECIFIER, a DIRECTORY PREFIX, the actual FILENAME,
          and a FILETYPE

             The DRIVE SPECIFIER is a single character drive name,  which is
          in the range of  'A'  to  'D',  and indicates one of the four disk
          drives supported by the operating system.  The drive specifier  is
          an optional part of the file specification, and if supplied,  must
          be separated from the remainder of the  file  specification  by  a
          colon (':').  If a drive is not specified, the DOS uses a default.
          The default when the system is first brought up is  'A:',  and may
          be changed by the user at any time with the "SET DEFAULT" command.
    CUBIX User Guide                                                 Page: 3


             The DIRECTORY PREFIX is a string  of  up  to  eight  characters
          included in each files directory entry,  which provides a means of
          separating the files on the disk into  logically  related  groups,
          each group having it's own unique directory prefix.  The directory
          prefix is an optional part  of  the  file  specification,  and  if
          supplied,  must be  separated  from  the  remainder  of  the  file
          specification by placing it within square  brackets,  directly  in
          front of the FILENAME.  If the directory prefix is not  specified,
          the DOS uses a default.  The default  when  the  system  is  first
          brought up is'[MAIN]',  and may be changed by the user at any time
          with the "SET DEFAULT" command.

             The FILENAME is a  string  of  up  to  eight  characters  which
          specifies the actual name of the file.

             The FILETYPE is a  string  of  up  to  three  characters  which
          specifies the type of the file. It follows the filename, separated
          from it by a dot  ('.').  The filetype  is  used  to  specify  the
          purpose of the file. There are several filetypes recognized by the
          DOS and its utility programs,  and indicate files with  particular
          meaning to the DOS  or  utility.  For  a  list  of  commonly  used
          filetypes, refer to the appendix on file types.

          2.3.1 Sample Filename

                A:[PREFIX]FILENAME.TYP
                ^    ^       ^      ^
                |    |       |      +----- FILETYPE
                |    |       +------------ FILENAME
                |    +-------------------- DIRECTORY PREFIX
                +------------------------- DRIVE SPECIFIER

       2.4 Wildcards

             Some comamnds and utilities  allow  the  use  of  the  WILDCARD
          character '*' in a file specification,  which means 'anything' for
          example,  to display the names of all  executable  ('.EXE')  files
          with all directory prefixes on the disk in drive  'B',  you  could
          enter the command:

                                'DIR B:[*]*.EXE'

             The WILDCARD may also be used as the LAST part of a section  of
          the file specification. For example, the command:

                                  'DIR ABC*.*'

          would display the names of  all  files  (On  the  current  default
          drive,  and with the current default directory prefix)  which have
          FILENAMES beginning with 'ABC'.

             Note that the WILDCARD character  '*'  may NOT be used  in  the
          DRIVE SPECIFIER portion of a file specification.
    CUBIX User Guide                                                 Page: 4


       2.5 File Protections

             Each file on the disk has in it's directory entry,  a bit field
          which indicates which file system operations may be  performed  on
          the file.  The names of the bits,  and the operations which may be
          performed are:

                (R)ead      - The file may be read or loaded.
                (W)rite     - The file may be written to or saved.
                (E)xecute   - For '.EXE' files, it may be executed.
                              For  '.@'  files it may be invoked as
                              a command file.
                (D)elete    - The file may be deleted from the disk.

             When a file is first created,  the protection bits are  set  to
          allow all of the above operations.  The  protection  bits  may  be
          altered with the 'SET FILE' command.

       2.6 Load Address

             Each file on the disk has in it's  directory  entry  a  16  bit
          address field called the load address.  This  is  the  address  at
          which the file will be loaded in response to a 'LOAD' command,  if
          no address is explicitly supplied.

             For  '.EXE'  files,  the load address indicates where in memory
          the file will be loaded when it is executed.

    3. SERIAL DEVICES

          CUBIX at any one time can recognize up to  eight  serial  devices,
       which are referenced as devices 0 to 7.  The device drivers for these
       devices may be installed and de-installed dynamically,  as the system
       is running.

          At any one time, one particular device is designated as the system
       console,  and it is via this device that the DOS  and  most  programs
       running under it  communicate.  The  active  console  device  may  be
       changed by the user at any time with the "SET CONSOLE" command.

          When a CUBIX system is first  brought  up,  the  following  device
       assignments are in effect:

          Device     Description
            0           NULL device, never returns a character, and throws
                        away any characters output to it.
            1           SYSTEM CONSOLE, the console terminal or integrated
                        keyboard/video display appears here.
           2-7          System dependant.

          Any unused device driver vectors are initialized  to  zero,  which
       will cause a device error if the corresponding device is referenced.
    CUBIX User Guide                                                 Page: 5


    4. COMMAND MODE

          Whenever CUBIX is expecting a command,  it prompts with '*' on the
       console terminal, and is said to be in COMMAND MODE. While in command
       mode,  DOS  commands  can  be  entered  from  the  console  terminal,
       terminated by the <return> key, and will be executed by the DOS.  The
       <backspace>  or <delete>  keys can be used to correct typing mistakes
       when entering commands.

       4.1 Return Codes

             When a DOS command, utility, or application program terminates,
          it  passes  back  to  its  caller  (usually  DOS)  a  return  code
          indicating if it completed successfully or not.  A return code  of
          ZERO indicates successful completion, and will not be displayed by
          the dos. If a DOS command, utility, or application program returns
          a NON-ZERO return code,  the DOS will display the message 'Rc=<n>'
          where <n> is the value of the return code.

             The return code message is in  addition  to  the  normal  error
          messages,  and  is  actually  generated  by   the   command   mode
          interpreter,  and therefore will not be displayed unless  the  DOS
          command, utility,  or application program is returning directly to
          dos command mode.

             For information on the meaning of specific return codes,  refer
          to the appendix on return codes.

    5. THE SYSTEM LIBRARY

          Whenever a command is given to DOS that it does not recognize as a
       command of its own,  It examines the SYSTEM LIBRARY for any file with
       a FILENAME which is the same as the command.  If a file by that  name
       is found, it's FILETYPE is examined, and if it is '.EXE', the file is
       loaded  and  just  as  if  the  user  had   entered   'RUN   [<system
       lib>]<command>'.  If  the  FILETYPE  is  '.@',  then  the   file   is
       interpreted as a  command  file,  just  as  if  the  user  had  typed
       '@[<system lib>]<command>'. In both of the above cases, the remainder
       of the command line is passed to the file as parameters.

          The the FILETYPE found by the above search is not '.EXE'  or '.@',
       then the DOS makes a second search of the system library, looking for
       a  '.EXE'  file with a FILENAME which is the same as the FILETYPE  of
       the first file. If this is found, it is loaded and run, and is passed
       the  entire  command  line  (including  the  origional  command)   as
       parameters.

          If none of the above conditions are met,  the DOS will display the
       message  'Unrecognized command',  and reject the command line with  a
       return code of 255.
    CUBIX User Guide                                                 Page: 6


          The DOS uses a special drive specifier  and  directory  prefix  to
       identify files belonging to the SYSTEM LIBRARY.  When the  system  is
       first brought up the drive and prefix are  'A:[SYSTEM]',  and may  be
       changed by the user at any time with the "SET SYSTEM" command.

          Commands entered in the above matter may be preceded  by  a  drive
       specifier and/or a directory prefix,  which overrides that  used  for
       the system library.

    6. COMMAND FILES

          Command files provide a  method  of  executing  DOS  commands  and
       programs from a text file, instead of from the console keyboard as is
       normally done. This is a convenient way of grouping together a number
       of separate commands so that they will all be executed by typing only
       one command on the console.

          To  run  a  command  file,   simply   type   '@<filename>'   where
       '<filename>' is the FILENAME given to the command file.

          The following functions are available in command files ONLY:

       ?A<n>

          Advances <n> lines in the command file and continues from there.

       ?E[<n>]

          Exits  (terminates)  the command file.  If <n> is specified,  that
       value will be the command file's return code.  If not specified,  the
       return code will be that from the last command  executed  within  the
       file.

       ?F<comamnd>

          Executes the command contained within the remainder  of  the  line
       only if the last DOS command or executed program failed  (Returned  a
       NON-ZERO return code).

       ?I

          Reads the  command  file  parameter  variables  (?0-?9)  from  the
       console, after prompting with '*'.

       ?K

          Reads a single keystroke from the console  terminal,  and  returns
       the value of the character entered as the return code.

       ?O<text string>

          Outputs the remainder of the line to the terminal.

       ?P<text string>

          Prints the remainder of the line on the terminal, with a line feed
       and carriage return at the end.
    CUBIX User Guide                                                 Page: 7


       ?R<n> <comamnd>

          Executes the command on the remainder of the line only of the last
       DOS command or executed program terminated with return code <n>.

       ?S<command>

          Executes the command on the remainder of the line only if the last
       DOS command or executed program was successful (ZERO return code).

       ?0-?9

          Parameters to the command file may be referenced by the names from
       '?0' to '?9', with '?0' being the name of the command file,  and '?1'
       being the first parameter.

       ?= <tokens>

          Assigns the tokens on the remainder of the  line  to  the  '?0-?9'
       command file parameter variables.

       ??<string1> <string2>

          Returns  a  ZERO  return  code  if  the  two  strings  match,  255
       otherwise.

       ?@<file>

          Provides a method of chaining  command  files  without  the  stack
       overhead involved with nesting them.  The currently executing command
       file is terminated, and the new command file is begun.

       ?*

          Comment, remainder of line is ignored.


          Command files may be nested to any depth (Up to available space on
       the system stack),  HOWEVER!!!,  the parameters to a command file are
       NOT saved when another command file is invoked, meaning that when one
       command file calls another,  it's old parameter values will be  lost,
       and replaced by the those given to the new  command  file.  A  useful
       trick is to pass any parameters that you need to retain  to  the  new
       command file is parameter  positions  beyond  those  which  it  uses,
       allowing the origional value to be  retained  in  the  new  parameter
       position.

       NOTE:  If SSR (System Service Request) #101 is issued from within any
       program executing under the command file,  all commands files will be
       terminated.
    CUBIX User Guide                                                 Page: 8


    7. COMMANDS AND UTILITIES

          The following pages contain a list of the commands  supplied  with
       the operating system.

          All commands which are not INTERNAL  are  located  in  the  SYSTEM
       directory of your master disk.

          Operands to commands  which  are  shown  in  angle  brackets  '<>'
       identify operands for which the user supplies a value.

          Operands to commands which  are  shown  in  square  brackets  '[]'
       identify operands which are optional  (not required for all forms  of
       the command).

          Commands shown with a type of  INTERNAL  are  commands  which  are
       built into the operating system.  They do not have to be loaded  from
       disk every time they are executed.

          APPLICATIONS are commands which reside on  disk,  and  are  loaded
       every time that they are executed.  Applications always return to DOS
       when they terminate.  When an executing application  invokes  another
       application, the first application is terminated.

          UTILITIES are special applications that follow certain rules which
       allow them to be invoked from an application without terminating  it.
       Applications  invoking  utilities  will  resume  execution  when  the
       utility terminates.

          COMMAND FILES are lists of other commands contained within a file,
       which are sequentially executed as one command.

          SPECIAL commands are commands  of  another  type,  which  for  one
       reason or another do not behave exactly  as  indicated  above.  These
       commands are intimate with operating system,  in order to  accomplish
       unusual tasks.

          Most applications and utilities will display a  short  summary  of
       the command syntax and available options if given  "?"  as  a  single
       operand.
    @                                                                       @

            Format              : @<command file name> [<operands>]

            Type                : Special Internal

            Area of use         : Procedure automation

            Related commands    : All commands

            Qualifiers          : NONE

          The  '@'  command initiates the execution of a command  file.  The
       file indicated by  '<command file name>.@'  is opened and commands to
       be executed are read from it.

          For more information,  consult the COMMAND FILE  section  of  this
       manual.
    ASM                                                                 ASM

            Format              : ASM <pgmname>

            Type                : Application

            Area of use         : Software development

            Related commands    : ASP, BUILD, RAID

            Qualifiers          : /ERROR    - List only lines with errors.
                                  /FAST     - Skip optimization passes.
                                  /QUIET    - Suppress progress messages.
                                  /SYMBOL   - Include symbol table in listing.
                                  /TERM     - List output to terminal, not file.

          The ASM command invokes the resident 6809 assembler, to assemble a
       source file into an intermediate object file.  The <pgmname>  operand
       is the name of the source file to be assembled.  The assembler always
       assumes a file type of  '.ASM'.  The file will be assembled,  and  an
       object file  ('.OBJ')  will be generated.  The listing file  will  be
       placed in <pgmname>.LST if it is not directed to the console with the
       '/TERM' qualifier.

          The  '/ERROR'  qualifier causes only those lines containing errors
       to be displayed in the listing. This is very useful for debugging.

          The  '/SYMBOL'  qualifier causes ASM to append a sorted display of
       the symbol table, to the listing file.

          The '/FAST'  qualifier causes ASM to skip the optimization passes,
       causing all offsets to be calculated  as  16  bits,  all  unspecified
       memory  references  will  use  extended   addressing,   and   forward
       references in EQUate statements will  not  work.  This  qualifier  is
       useful to speed up the assembly process,  when initially debugging  a
       program.

          Unless the '/QUIET'  qualifier is given,  ASM will output progress
       messages, indicating what stage of assembly it is performing.

          For more information, consult the ASM manual.
    ASP                                                                 ASP

            Format              : ASP <pgmname>

            Type                : Application

            Area of use         : Software development

            Related commands    : ASM, BUILD, RAID

            Qualifiers          : /COMMENT  - Include comments for source.
                                  /QUIET    - Suppress progress messages.
                                  /SOURCE   - Include source file as comments.

          ASP  is  an  Assembly  Source  code  Preprocessor,  which  accepts
       structured  constructs  such  as  IF/THEN/ELSE  and  WHILE/END,   and
       converts them to standard assembler source code.

          ASP accepts a file with the name  '<pgmname>.ASP',  and produces a
       file with the name '<pgmname>.ASM', which is ready to be assembled.

          Any errors discovered by the preprocessor  are  displayed  on  the
       console.

          The '/COMMENT'  qualifier causes ASP to copy any comments from the
       source file into the output file.  This is useful in cases  where  an
       ASP source file is being permanently converted to  assembler  source,
       and will be maintained in the assembly source format.

          The  '/QUIET'  qualifier prevents ASP from displaying its progress
       messages.

          The  '/SOURCE'  qualifier causes ASP to include each line from the
       source file in the output file as a comment,  beginning  with  '*>>'.
       This  comment  line  will  appear  in  the  output  file  immediately
       preceding the lines of assembler code generated by it.

          For more information, consult the ASP manual.
    BASIC                                                              BASIC

            Format              : BASIC [program]

            Type                : Application

            Area of use         : Application programming

            Related commands    :

            Qualifiers          : NONE

          BASIC (Micro BASIC) is a BASIC interpreter for CUBIX and the 6809.

          If executed with no  operands,  an  interactive  session  will  be
       started.  If a program name is supplied, the file program.BAS will be
       automatically loaded and started.

          For more information, consult the BASIC manual.
    BUILD                                                           BUILD

            Format              : BUILD <objname>

            Type                : Application

            Area of use         : Software development

            Related commands    : ASM, ASP, RAID, DOWNLOAD

            Qualifiers          : /KEEP     - Keep the '.OBJ' file.
                                  /MHX      - Build downloadable file.
                                  /QUIET    - Inhibit output file statistics.

          The BUILD command takes an intermediate object  file  such  as  is
       produced by the assember, and builds a complete program image.

          The  '/MHX'  qualifier causes BUILD to make a Motorola Hexidecimal
       Format download image,  and place  it  in  a  '.MHX'  file.  If  this
       qualifier is NOT given,  BUILD makes an executable image,  and places
       it in a '.EXE' file.  In all cases,  the FILENAME of the created file
       will be the same as that of the intermediate '.OBJ' file.

          Unless the  '/KEEP'  qualifier is given,  BUILD  will  delete  the
       intermediate '.OBJ' file, before writing out the new image file.

          The  '/QUIET'  qualifier prevents BUILD from displaying statistics
       about the newly created executable  image,  as  well  as  the  output
       filename for both types of image files.
    CALC                                                                CALC

            Format              : CALC [expression ...]

            Type                : Utility

            Area of use         : General & Software development

            Related commands    :

            Qualifiers          : NONE

          CALC is a  simple  Hexidecimal/Decimal  desk  calculator.  If  the
       operand <expression> is supplied, CALC evaluates it, and displays the
       results in both decimal and hexidecimal.  If CALC  is  not  given  an
       operand,  it  enters  an  interactive  session,   and   prompts   for
       expressions,  which it evaluates and displays.  Entering a NULL  line
       will terminate interactive CALC.

          CALC assumes input numbers  are  decimal,  unless  preceded  by  a
       dollar sign  (hexidecimal),  a percent  sign  (binary),  a  '@'  sign
       (octal),  or is enclosed within single quotes,  which indicates  that
       the ASCII character value is to be used.

          CALC evaluates expressions from left to right,  with  no  operator
       precedence.

          The following operators are recognised by CALC:

          Monadic (Single operand) operators:

          - Negation (calculate negative value)
          ~ Complement (Invert all zero's and one's).
          = Swap (Exchange high and low bytes)

          Dyadic (two operand) operators:

          + Addition.
          - Subtraction
          * Multiplication
          / Division
          \ Modulus (Remainder after division)
          | Logical OR
          & Logical AND
          ^ Exclusive OR
    CD                                                                  CD

            Format              : CD [<directory>]

            Type                : Command File

            Area of use         : General

            Related commands    : SET DEFUALT, SHOW DEFAULT

            Qualifiers          : NONE

          The CD command  provides  an  easy  way  to  change  your  default
       directory prefix.  The usual '[' & ']'  square brackets surrounding a
       directory name are optional with the CD command.

          CD displays  the  full  drive  and  directory  name  of  your  new
       directory.

          If no operand is given to CD,  it simply displays the full name of
       your current default directory.
    CHGDISK                                                         CHGDISK

            Format              : CHGDISK [<command string>]

            Type                : Special Utility

            Area of use         : General

            Related commands    : All Applications & Utilities

            Qualifiers          : NONE

          CHGDISK is a utility that allows you to  load  an  application  or
       utility program from one disk,  and place a new  disk  in  the  drive
       before it is executed.

          If CHGDISK is invoked with no operands.  It first  prompts  for  a
       command string, allowing you to change disks (In case the command you
       wish to execute is on a different disk from the CHGDISK utility).

          Once the command is entered,  CHGDISK  reads  the  application  or
       utility program from the disk, and prompts for you to change disks.

          After changing disks,  press  <RETURN>,  CHGDISK will then execute
       the loaded program.

          If a command string is given as an operand  to  CHGDISK,  it  will
       load it from disk immediately.  In this case, the command must reside
       on the same disk as CHGDISK.
    CHKDISK                                                         CHKDISK

            Format              : CHKDISK <drive>

            Type                : Application

            Area of use         : Disk Maintenance

            Related commands    : FORMAT

            Qualifiers          : /NOALLOC  - Supress allocation test.
                                  /NOMEDIA  - Supress disk media test.
                                  /QUIET    - Supress progress messages.
                                  /REBUILD  - Rebuild disk allocation
                                              without prompting.

          CHKDISK tests the integrity of a disk.

          CHKDISK first verifies the consistency  of  the  file  system,  by
       ensuring  that  all  files  are  linked  correctly,   containing   no
       unallocated sectors  and  that  no  two  files  share  common  sector
       linkage.  CHKDISK also detects at this time if any sectors are marked
       as allocated,  but not used in any files.  The  '/NOALLOC'  qualifier
       will cause CHKDISK to skip this test.

          CHKDISK next performs a media test,  verifying that all sectors on
       the disk are usable.  The '/NOMEDIA'  qualifier will cause CHKDISK to
       skip this test.

          During both tests,  CHKDISK keeps an internal  copy  of  the  disk
       linkage table, which it updates to repair any errors it encounters in
       the allocation test,  or to mark as allocated any unusable sectors it
       encounters in the media test.

          If errors are encountered in either test, CHKDISK will prompt with
       'Write updated link table?  '.  Entering  'Y'  will cause CHKDISK  to
       write its updated link table  to  the  disk,  thereby  releasing  any
       misallocated sectors, and marking as busy any unusable sectors.

          The '/REBUILD' qualifier supresses the prompt,  and causes CHKDISK
       to update the disk link table if any errors were encountered.
    CONCAT                                                          CONCAT

            Format              : CONCAT <dest_file> <file1> [<file2> ...]

            Type                : Application

            Area of use         : File Maintenance

            Related commands    : COPY, TYPE

            Qualifiers          : /QUIET    - Suppress size report.

          CONCAT reads one or more input files, and writes the data from all
       of them to one destination file.

          Unless the  '/QUIET'  qualifier is specified,  CONCAT reports  the
       total number of lines written.

          Only ASCII text files will  be  correctly  joined  by  the  CONCAT
       command.
    CONNECT                                                         CONNECT

            Format              : COnnect <device>

            Type                : Internal

            Area of use         : Communications

            Related commands    : DOWNLOAD, INTIO, STTY

            Qualifiers          : NONE

          The CONNECT command  creates  a  logical  connection  between  the
       console device,  and the specified device.  Any  characters  received
       from that device will be sent to the console device.  All  characters
       except for the ESCAPE character which are entered at the console will
       be transmitted from the specified  device.  Entering  ESCAPE  at  the
       console terminates the connect command.

          On systems where the console device is an  integral  keyboard  and
       video display,  CONNECT provides  an  easy  way  to  emulate  a  dumb
       terminal.

          For external serial console devices, CONNECT is more often used as
       a "pass through"  mechanism to access a communications medium such as
       a modem or switched network.
    COPY                                                            COPY

            Format              : COPY <source spec> [<dest spec>]

            Type                : Application

            Area of use         : File Maintenance

            Related commands    : CONCAT, TYPE, COPYDISK

            Qualifiers          : /MOVE     - Move file instead of copy.
                                  /NEW      - Don't overwrite existing files.
                                  /PROT     - Copy file protections.
                                  /QUIET    - Suppress progress messages.
                                  /REPLACE  - Replace files without prompt.

          The COPY command copies files from one location to another.

          The source file specification  may  contain  wildcards  ('*'),  in
       which case all files matching that pattern will be  copied.  Wildcard
       ('*')  characters in the destination specification indicates sections
       of the original name which are to be retained.

          If the destination filename  and  type  are  not  specified,  they
       default to '*', indicating the original file name and type.

          If the destination directory is not specified,  it defaults to the
       current default directory.

          The  '/MOVE'  qualifier causes copy to move the file,  instead  of
       copying it.  For source and destination on the same disk, COPY simply
       renames the file to the new directory  and  name.  For  locations  on
       different disks, COPY copies the file, then DELETE's the original.

          The  '/NEW'  qualifier prevents COPY from copying  or  moving  any
       files if the destination file already exists.  If this  qualifier  is
       not specified, COPY will prompt for the action to take.  Enter 'R' to
       replace the old file,  'C'  to change the  name  of  the  file  being
       written,  or  'S'  to skip the file and not copy it.  The  '/REPLACE'
       qualifier causes COPY to always replace existing files  specified  by
       the destination operand.

          Unless the  '/QUIET'  qualifier is specified,  COPY  displays  the
       names of all files it is copying.
    COPYDISK                                                        COPYDISK

            Format              : COPYDISK <source drive> <dest drive>

            Type                : Application

            Area of use         : Disk Maintenance

            Related commands    : FORMAT, CHKDISK, COPY

            Qualifiers          : /PROMPT   - Prompt to insert disks.
                                  /QUIET    - Suppress progress messages.

          COPYDISK copies an entire disk to another disk.

          The disks must be the same size. COPYDISK will fail with the error
       message 'Incompatable drive sizes' unless this is true.

          The '/PROMPT' qualifier causes COPYDISK to prompt, allowing you to
       change the disks before the copy operation starts.

          If the source and destination are specified  as  the  same  drive,
       COPYDISK will prompt you to insert the source and destination  disks,
       allowing a disk copy to be performed on a single drive.

          Unless the '/QUIET' qualifier is specified, COPYDISK will output a
       running display of the operation  being  performed,  and  the  sector
       number that it is operating on.
    CREATE                                                          CREATE

            Format              : CReate <filename> [<addr>]

            Type                : Internal

            Area of use         : File maintenance

            Related commands    : DELETE, FILES, LOAD, SAVE

            Qualifiers          : NONE

          The CREATE command creates a file with the specified name.  If the
       optional address value is specified,  the file is created  with  that
       load address. The created file is one block in size.

          The load address of a file is  stored  in  that  file's  directory
       entry,  and specifies where in memory the  file  will  be  loaded  in
       response to a  "LOAD"  command which does not specify an address.  In
       the case of an executable  (.EXE)  file,  the load address determines
       where in memory the file will be loaded when is is executed.

          The DOS will automatically create a file if an attempt is made  to
       write to a file which does not exist.  The  CREATE  command  is  used
       mainly to create files with a particular load address. CREATE is also
       useful from within command files,  because  it  will  fail  (non-zero
       return code)  if the file it attempts to create already exists.  This
       provides a method for ensuring that a  particular  command  does  not
       overwrite an existing file.
    DELETE                                                          DELETE

            Format              : DELete <filespec>

            Type                : Internal

            Area of use         : File maintenance

            Related commands    : CREATE, FILES, LOAD, SAVE

            Qualifiers          : NONE

          The DELETE command permanently removes a file from the disk.

          Any disk sectors used by the file will be released,  allowing them
       to be reused by other files.

          If  <filespec>  does not contain wildcard characters,  DELETE will
       simply delete the named file.

          If <filespec> does contain wildcard characters, the DELETE command
       will prompt with the name of each file it finds  which  matches  that
       pattern, allowing the following responses:

          Y - Delete the file and advance to the next one.
          N - Retain the file and advance to the next one.
          Q - Retain the file and terminate the delete command.

          A file will not  be  deleted  if  it  does  not  have  'D'  delete
       permission set in its protection string.
    DIR                                                                 DIR

            Format              : DIR <dir spec>

            Type                : Application

            Area of use         : File maintenance

            Related commands    : FILES, SET FILE, SHOW FILE, DIRF

            Qualifiers          : /DISK     - Include file disk address.
                                  /LOAD     - Include file load address.
                                  /SIZE     - Include file size.
                                  /TOTAL    - Display only directory names
                                              and total file counts.
                                  /NOHEADER - Suppress directory header.
                                  /PROT     - Include file protections.

          The DIR command displays the names of  files  on  the  disk  in  a
       format which is easier to read than that of the FILES command.

          The operand <dir spec>  may be any directory or file specification
       which is valid for the FILES command.

          The names to be shown are sorted and  displayed  as  well  as  the
       total number of files.
    DIRF                                                                DIRF

            Format              : DIRF <file> <pattern> [<prefix> [<postfix>]]

            Type                : Utility

            Area of use         : File maintenance

            Related commands    : FILES, DIR, @

            Qualifiers          : /NODISK       - Don't include drive prefix.
                                  /NODIRECTORY  - Don't include directory.
                                  /NOTYPE       - Don't include file type.

          The DIRF command produces a directory listing and writes it  to  a
       file. The directory listing is of similar format to that of the FILES
       command.

          The names of all files matching <pattern> are written one per line
       to the specified file.

          If the  <prefix>  is specified,  it must be enclosed within unique
       delimiter characters,  and will be placed ahead of each  filename  in
       the output file.

          If the <postfix>  is specified,  it must be enclosed within unique
       delimiter characters,  and will be placed following each filename  in
       the output file.

          The '/NODISK', '/NODIRECTORY' and '/NOTYPE' qualifiers may be used
       to suppress the corresponding portion of the filename from the output
       command.

          This command is very  useful  for  creating  command  files  which
       perform an operation on many files.

                EG: "DIRF SETEXE.@ *.EXE 'SET FILE ' ' PROT=E'"
    DOWNLOAD                                                        DOWNLOAD

            Format              : DOwnload <device> [<filename>]

            Type                : Internal

            Area of use         : Communications

            Related commands    : BUILD, CONNECT, INTIO, STTY

            Qualifiers          : NONE

          The DOWNLOAD  command  accepts  a  standard  Motorola  hexidecimal
       format load file from the specified serial device,  and loads it into
       memory at the address contained in the load records of the file.

          If the optional filename is specified,  DOWNLOAD also  writes  the
       memory image to that file.

          If the specified file does not already exist,  it will be created,
       and the load address will be set to  the  address  contained  in  the
       first load record in the download file.

          DOWNLOAD provides an easy method up updating system software  over
       a remote serial link.
    ED                                                                  ED

            Format              : ED <filename>

            Type                : Application

            Area of use         : File maintainance, Development

            Related commands    : ED, EDIT

            Qualifiers          : NONE

          ED is a tiny screen oriented text editor,  which operates using  a
       VT100 or compatable terminal.

          Pressing the HELP key from within ED will display a short  summary
       of the ED commands.

          This editor has been superceeded by the 'EDT'  screen editor,  and
       is provided for backwards compatabliity only.

          For more information, consult the ED manual.
    EDIT                                                            EDIT

            Format              : EDIT <filename> [<command file>]

            Type                : Application

            Area of use         : File maintainance, Development

            Related commands    : ED, SDE

            Qualifiers          : /BATCH    - Read commands from file.
                                  /QUIET    - Don't display editing session.

          EDIT is a simple line oriented text editor.  It is used to  create
       and edit disk files containing ASCII text. While editing a file, EDIT
       prompts with '.', and has the following commands available:

            B               - Go to beginning of file.
        1   C/<s1>/<s2>/    - Substitute <s2> for <s1> on current line.
        1   CA/<s1>/<s2>/   - Substitute all <s2> for <s1> in entire file.
        1   CD/<s1>/<s2>/   - Sub. all <s2> for <s1> in entire file, display.
        1   CH/<s1>/<s2>/   - Substitute all <s2> for <s1> in current line.
        2   DE <n>          - Delete <n> lines, 1 if <n> not specified.
            E               - Goto end of file.
            EX              - Exit and save file.
            I               - Insert lines ahead of current, null to exit.
        2   N <n>           - Advance <n> lines, 1 if <n> not specified.
        2   P <n>           - Print <n> lines, 1 if <n> not specified.
            QU              - Quit editor, throw away changes.
        3   :R              - Restore position in file from last save.
        3   :S              - Save position in file.
        2   U <n>           - Backup <n> lines.
        2   + <n>           - Duplicate current line <n> times.
            /<string>       - Move to next line containing <string>.
            ?               - Display size of file.
            *<command>      - Execute DOS command.
        4   $<string>       - Save ESC string.

        1)  '/' may be any unique delimiter character not appearing within
            <s1> or <s2>. Trailing '/' is optional.

        2)  The value of <n> defaults to one (1) if no value is given.

        3)  The restored position may move if lines are inserted, changed,
            or deleted above the saved position.

        4)  The given string is inserted at the end of the input line
            (Including the carriage return) whenever ESC key is pressed.

          When the  '/BATCH'  qualifier is given,  EDIT will read its  input
       commands  (and text)  from the file specified by <command file>.  The
       '/QUIET'  qualifier can be used to prevent the editing  session  from
       being displayed.
    EDT                                                             EDT

            Format              : EDT <filename>

            Type                : Application

            Area of use         : File maintainance, Development

            Related commands    : ED, EDIT, TTYPATCH

            Qualifiers          : NONE

          EDT is a fully featured  text  editor  for  use  under  CUBIX.  It
       supports both line and visual  (screen)  oriented modes of operation,
       and has many powerful commands.

          When operating  in  visual  mode,  EDT  uses  the  standard  "TTY"
       interface,  allowing the "TTYPATCH"  utility to be used to define the
       terminal control codes and functon keys used.

          For more information, consult the EDT manual.
    FILES                                                           FILES

            Format              : FIles [<filespec>]

            Type                : Internal

            Area of use         : File maintenance

            Related commands    : CREATE, DELETE, DIR

            Qualifiers          : NONE

          The FILES command displays the names of files on the disk.

          If  <filespec>  is a directory prefix,  then all files having that
       directory prefix are displayed.

          If the operand is a full file  specification  (which  may  contain
       wildcards),  FILES displays the names of all files on the disk  which
       match that pattern.

          If no operand is given,  the names of all files  in  your  current
       default directory are displayed.
    FLINK                                                           FLINK

            Format              : FLINK <filename> [<filename> ...]

            Type                : Utility

            Area of use         : File maintenance

            Related commands    : CHKDISK

            Qualifiers          : /UNLINK   - Unlink file from directory.

          The FLINK command creates one or more directory entries  with  the
       given name(s),  which are linked to the disk data of the first  file.
       This has the effect of making one file accessable by  multiple  names
       (Perhaps in different directories,  or with different load address or
       protections).

          Care MUST be taken to never DELETE  a  file  which  is  linked  to
       another file, because the data area (used by all linked files) on the
       disk will be released,  and all other linked directory entries  would
       be left pointing to unallocated (or worse reused) file system space.

          The CHKDISK utility will report an allocation error  for  all  but
       one of the linked files. This occurs because CHKDISK goes through the
       motions of deleting all files  (without actually  deleting  them)  in
       order to determine that all sectors that are allocated  an  the  disk
       are actually used within files.

          When the '/UNLINK' qualifier is used,  FLINK removes the directory
       entries for  all  named  files,  WITHOUT  releasing  the  data  space
       allocated to them. This allows the multiple directory entries created
       by FLINK to be removed leaving the disk data intact  for  other  file
       links.

          FLINK/UNLINK may also be used to get rid of  a  file  in  which  a
       known bad sector exists, thereby insuring that those sectors will not
       be re-used.

          The CHKDISK utility can be used to recover disk sectors accidently
       lost by unlinking a file with no other directory entries pointing  to
       it.

          If a linked file is accidently deleted,  use CHKDISK to  determine
       the names of the other links,  and then FLINK/UNLINK to remove  those
       entries.
    FORMAT                                                          FORMAT

            Format              : FORMat <drive> [Address=<value>
                                    Cylinders=<value>
                                    Directory=<value>
                                    Heads=<value>
                                    Interleave=<value>
                                    Sectors=<value>]

            Type                : Internal

            Area of use         : Disk maintenance

            Related commands    : SET DRIVE, CHKDISK

            Qualifiers          : NONE

          The FORMAT command formats the specified disk,  and creates a file
       system on it.  After displaying the selected parameter settings,  the
       FORMAT command prompts with  'Ok?'.  Entering  'Y'  will  format  and
       initialize the disk. 'N' cancels the command.

          All disks used on the system must be formatted before use.

          The CYLINDERS= parameter specifies the number of  cylinders  which
       are to be formatted on the disk.

          The DIRECTORY=  parameter  specifies  the  number  of  extra  disk
       sectors which are to be allocated  to  the  directory  on  the  disk.
       Although the directory is automatically extended when more  directory
       space is needed,  creating the disk with  a  large  enough  directory
       keeps that directory in one place at  the  start  of  the  disk,  and
       reduces the amount of disk activity needed to  access  files.  If  no
       DIRECTORY= parameter is specified,  three extra sectors  (four total)
       are allocated. Each sector provides space for 16 file entries.

          The ADDRESS= parameter specifies the physical  device  address  of
       the drive to be formatted.

          The HEADS= parameter specifies the number of  heads  (sides)  that
       are to be formatted on the disk.

          The INTERLEAVE= parameter specifies the interleave factor which is
       used when formatting the disk.

          The SECTORS= parameter specifies the number of sectors  which  are
       to be formatted on each track of the disk.
    FORTH                                                           FORTH

            Format              : FORTH

            Type                : Application

            Area of use         : Application programming

            Related commands    :

            Qualifiers          : NONE

          FORTH is an implementation of the FORTH language.  This version of
       FORTH is unique in that  it  compiles  to  directly  executable  6809
       machine code,  instead of the usual  intermediate  interpreted  code.
       This results in much faster execution  than  is  possible  with  most
       FORTH systems.

          For more information, consult the FORTH manual.
    HELP                                                            HELP

            Format              : HELP [<topic> [<subtopic...>]]

            Type                : Utility

            Area of use         : System & Application documentation

            Related commands    :

            Qualifiers          : /<library>    - Select help library.
                                  /             - Display available libraries.

          The HELP command,  will display the selections  in  the  requested
       help library,  and will prompt for topics and  subtopics,  displaying
       the help information associated  with  each  item  selected.  If  the
       response to a topic or subtopic prompt contains more than  one  word,
       HELP will assume the subsequent words to be additional subtopics.

          A list of topics/subtopics may be given to HELP as parameters, and
       will be processed as if they were entered in response to  a  'Topic?'
       prompt.  Help will accept a '?' in response to a prompt, which causes
       it to re-display the text associated with that prompt.  A null  line,
       entered as a response to  a  prompt,  causes  HELP  to  back  up  one
       subtopic level,  and prompt again.  If help is given a null  line  in
       response to the 'Topic?' prompt, HELP will terminate.

          A CONTROL-C entered in response to any prompt,  will cause HELP to
       terminate.

          Help will accept a library name, as a qualifier,  denoted by using
       the slash '/' character.  If this is given, HELP will look for a file
       with the name [HELP]<library name>.HLP, and will use it as the source
       of help information.  If no help  library  name  is  specified,  HELP
       assumes the default help library '[HELP]SYSTEM.HLP'.

          A list of the available HELP libraries can be obtained  by  typing
       'HELP/'.
    HEXED                                                               HEXED

            Format              : HEXED <filename>

            Type                : Application

            Area of use         : File patching

            Related commands    : EDIT, EDT, TTYPATCH

            Qualifiers          : NONE

          HEXED is a screen oriented hexadecimal file patch utility. It uses
       the "TTY" screen interface, which allows it to be customized with the
       "TTYPATCH" utility for use on any terminal.

          HEXED displays a 256 byte portion of the file  in  HEX/ASCII  dump
       format,  and allows either the HEXADECIMAL or  ASCII  display  to  be
       edited.

          When the cursor is positioned in the HEXADECIMAL  display,  typing
       two HEX characters will update the value under the cursor and advance
       to the next byte.

          When the cursor is positioned in the  ASCII  display,  typing  any
       ASCII character will replace  the  character  under  the  cursor  and
       advance to the next byte.

          The following special keys are recognized by HEXED:

            UP ARROW    - Move cursor up.
            DOWN ARROW  - Move cursor down.
            RIGHT ARROW - Move cursor to the right.
            LEFT ARROW  - Move cursor to the left.
            PAGE UP     - Display preceeding 256 bytes.
            PAGE DOWN   - Display following 256 bytes.
            HOME        - Go directly to the start of the file.
            END         - Go directly to the end of the file.
            F1          - Execute line mode command.
            F2          - Re-execute last line mode command.
            F3          - Toggle between HEXADECIMAL and ASCII fields.

          The following line mode commands are available:

            G<xxxx>     - Goto position <xxxx> in file.
            Q           - Quit editing session and return to dos.
            QQ          - Quit even if unsaved changes are present.
            W           - Write file and save changes.
            ?<string>   - Search forward for ASCII <string>.
            /<xx> <xx>..- Search forward for HEX byte values.

          For more information on terminal setup, see the "TTY" manual.
    INTIO                                                               INTIO

            Format              : INTIO [<device>]

            Type                : Special Utility

            Area of use         : Serial Communication

            Related commands    : CONNECT, DOWNLOAD, STTY

            Qualifiers          : /OFF      - Remove Interrupt I/O driver

          The  INTIO  utility  installs  a  temporary  device  driver  which
       performs buffered interrupt driven input from the serial device. This
       allows the the system to receive serial data at much  higher  speeds,
       and supports XON/XOFF flow control for both receive and transmit data
       streams.

          The '/OFF'  qualifier removes a previously installed interrupt I/O
       driver. No other parameters are required when using this qualifier.

          INTIO is a hardware  dependant  utility  which  may  vary  between
       systems.
    LDIR                                                                LDIR

            Format              : LDIR [<file or directory spec>]

            Type                : Application

            Area of use         : File & Directory maintenance

            Related commands    : FILES, DIR

            Qualifiers          : /TOTAL    - Only display total number
                                              of matching directories.

          The LDIR command lists the names of all directories  on  the  disk
       which contain files matching the specified pattern.

          If the pattern specified does not contain  an  explicit  directory
       prefix it defaults to '[*]',  which shows all directories that have a
       matching file.

          If the pattern specified does not contain an explicit filename and
       type,  it defaults to  '*.*',  which shows the directory if any  file
       exists with that prefix.
    LOAD                                                                LOAD

            Format              : LOad <filename> [<addr>]

            Type                : Internal

            Area of use         : File access

            Related commands    : SAVE

            Qualifiers          : NONE

          The LOAD command loads the specified file from disk to  memory  at
       the specified address. If no address is specified, the file is loaded
       at its load address, as indicated by its directory entry.

          The file is BLOCK loaded,  so a multiple of 512 bytes of  data  is
       always transferred.
    MAPL                                                                MAPL

            Format              : MAPL

            Type                : Application

            Area of use         : Application programming

            Related commands    : MOVEAPL

            Qualifiers          : NONE

          MAPL  (Micro APL)  is an interactive computer language which is  a
       subset of the APL language.  MAPL has  it's  own  library  system  of
       workspaces,  and  supports  user  defined  functions  and  variables,
       recursion,  and many of the basic operators from APL.  MAPL  supports
       integer and character types.

          Unlike APL,  MAPL does not require a special  terminal,  but  uses
       normal upper and lower case ASCII characters to  represent  the  many
       special operators.

          For more information, consult the MAPL manual.
    MOVEAPL                                                             MOVEAPL

            Format              : MOVEAPL <filename> <address>

            Type                : Application

            Area of use         : Porting MAPL applications

            Related commands    : MAPL

            Qualifiers          : NONE

          The MOVEAPL command is used to change the RAM load  address  of  a
       MAPL workspace file.  This must be done before you can use  the  MAPL
       workspace on a system with a different memory map  from  the  one  on
       which it was created.

          In addition to changing the load  address  of  the  file,  MOVEAPL
       adjusts the symbol table pointers in the workspace to reflect the new
       load address of each variable or function.

          The correct load address for a particular system may be determined
       by examining the load address of the MAPL.EXE image in  the  [SYSTEM]
       directory, and adding an 8K ($2000) offset to it.
    RAID                                                                RAID

            Format              : RAID/<dev> [<filename> [<operands>]]

            Type                : Special Utility

            Area of use         : Application programming

            Related commands    : ASM, ASP, BUILD

            Qualifiers          : /<dev>    - Debug to this device.

          RAID  (Runtime Aid for Interactive Debugging)  is a program  which
       aids in the debugging process,  by allowing the user to  monitor  and
       control the execution of a program under test.

          RAID  includes  a  full  6809  disassembler  and   contains   code
       breakpoint and software single step facilities.

          The  '/<dev>'  qualifier  causes  RAID  to  communicate  with  the
       specified serial device  (0-7)  for the  duration  of  the  debugging
       session.  If no device is specified, RAID assumes the current console
       device.

          If  <filename>  is specified,  RAID loads the  file  at  its  load
       address,  sets the program counter to that address,  points  the  'Y'
       register to the remainder of the command line  allowing  the  program
       under test to receive its operands,  and then begins the  interactive
       debugging session, prompting with 'Raid>'.

          If no operands are  given,  RAID  simply  enters  the  interactive
       debugging session.

          When it is first invoked,  RAID attaches itself to the DOS in such
       a way that RAID becomes essential for the DOS to operate.  If RAID is
       terminated in any abnormal way, it is advisable to reboot DOS.

          For more information, consult the RAID manual.
    READ                                                                READ

            Format              : REad <drive> <sector> <addr> [<size>]

            Type                : Internal

            Area of use         : Disk maintenance

            Related commands    : WRITE

            Qualifiers          : NONE

          The READ command reads disk sectors from the specified drive,  and
       places them in memory at the specified  address.  If  <size>  is  not
       specified, one sector is transferred.

          The READ command bypasses the normal DOS file system,  and  should
       only be used by persons  familiar  with  the  disk  structure  during
       recovery procedures.  It is not intended that READ  be  used  in  the
       normal every day operation of the system.
    REDIRECT                                                            REDIRECT

            Format              : REDIRECT <filename> [<device>]

            Type                : Special Utility

            Area of use         : I/O Redirection

            Related commands    :

            Qualifiers          : /ALL      - Pass ALL character codes
                                  /CLOSE    - Terminate redirect
                                  /WRITE    - Redirect writes to device

          The REDIRECT utility installs  a  temporary  device  driver  which
       causes accesses to the specified serial device to be redirected to  a
       file.

          The '/WRITE' qualifier causes redirect to operate on writes to the
       device.  Any characters sent to the device will  be  written  to  the
       named file.

          The '/ALL' qualifier causes redirect to write all control codes to
       the file exactly as they are sent to the device. If this qualifier is
       not given, lines of data are written to the file with only a carriage
       return separator, thereby creating a standard text file.

          If the '/WRITE' qualifier is not given, redirect operates on reads
       of the device.  Each request to read a character from the device will
       return the next character from the file.  When the end of the file is
       encountered,  the next read will indicate that no character is ready,
       after which the original device driver will be restored.

          The  '/CLOSE'  quailfier is used to terminate a previously invoked
       REDIRECT. No other parameters are required with this qualifier.

          If no  <device>  parameter is  given,  REDIRECT  operates  on  the
       current console device.
    RETURN                                                          RETURN

            Format              : RETURN

            Type                : Internal

            Area of use         : Application programs

            Related commands    : NONE

            Qualifiers          : NONE

          The RETURN command is used to return to an  application  that  has
       temporarily entered the dos via a system call.

          When an application program enters the dos this way, only internal
       commands  and  utility  programs  should  be  run.   If   any   other
       applications  are  executed,  the  original   application   will   be
       terminated.
    RUN                                                                 RUN

            Format              : RUn <pgmname>

            Type                : Internal

            Area of use         : Application programs

            Related commands    : NONE

            Qualifiers          : NONE

          The RUn command loads the specified file into memory at  its  load
       address and executes it. The file type '.EXE' is assumed.

          The indicated file  (with the name  <pgmname>.EXE)  is loaded into
       memory at its Load address,  and execution is transferred  to  offset
       zero (0) within that code.

          The remainder of  the  command  line  is  made  available  to  the
       executing program so that parameters can be evaluated.

          A file will not be executed  if  it  does  not  have  'E'  execute
       permission set in its protection string.
    SAVE                                                                SAVE

            Format              : SAve <filename> <addr> <size>

            Type                : Internal

            Area of use         : File access

            Related commands    : LOAD

            Qualifiers          : NONE

          The SAVE command saves a memory image in the specified file.

          The memory image is saved starting at the  indicated  address  (in
       hex), for the number of 512 byte disk sectors specified by <size>.

          If the file did not previously exist, it is created,  and its load
       address is set to the value of <addr>.
    SEARCH                                                              SEARCH

            Format              : SEARCH <filespec> <search string>

            Type                : Utility

            Area of use         : File maintenance

            Related commands    :

            Qualifiers          : /BINARY   - Treat input as binary file.
                                  /CASE     - Convert lower to upper case.
                                  /HEX      - Search string is in hex.
                                  /TOTAL    - Display only total found.

          The SEARCH utility scans specified files,  and displays a list  of
       the occurrences of the given search string. Wildcard ('*') characters
       may be specified in the <filespec> operand.  The search string may be
       delimited by any character which is not part  of  the  actual  search
       string.

          If the '/BINARY' qualifier is given,  SEARCH treats the input file
       as a binary file.  The $FF end of file character used in  ASCII  text
       files will be treated as data,  and SEARCH will scan all the  way  to
       the end of the last sector of  the  file.  The  output  display  will
       contain only the offset into the file when this qualifier is used.

          If the '/CASE'  qualifier is given,  SEARCH will convert any lower
       case characters from the input file into upper case before doing  the
       comparison. This allows case insensitive searches to be performed.
          NOTE: If the SEARCH command is used from DOS interactive mode, any
       lower case characters in the search string will be converted to upper
       case.

          The '/HEX' qualifier indicates to SEARCH that the search string is
       being given as a series of  hexidecimal  values.  No  delimiters  are
       needed when this qualifier is used.

          The  '/TOTAL'  qualifier causes SEARCH to only output the names of
       the files being searched,  and the total number of occurrences of the
       search string in each file.
    SET                                                                 SET

            Format              : SEt COnsole [Input=<device>
                                            Output=<device>]
                                      DEBug ON|OFF
                                      DEFault <directory>
                                      DRive <drive> [Address=<value>
                                            Cylinders=<value>
                                            Heads=<value>
                                            Sectors=<value>]
                                      FIle <filename> [Load_address=<addr>
                                            Protection=<protection_string>]
                                      MEMory <addr> <data> [<data> ...]
                                      MESsage ON|OFF
                                      SYstem <directory>
                                      TRace ON|OFF

            Type                : Internal

            Area of use         : System Maintenance

            Related commands    : SHOW

            Qualifiers          : NONE

          The SET command controls many functions relating to  the  internal
       operation of the operating system.

          SET CONSOLE allows you to select the serial device to be used  for
       console input and/or output.

          SET DEBUG enables/disables display of the operating  system  calls
       that are being executed by application and utility programs.

          SET DEFAULT changes the default directory prefix that is to  apply
       to all file accesses not explicitly indicating the directory.

          SET DRIVE changes the physical characteristics associated  with  a
       particular disk drive. (See FORMAT)

          SET FILE changes attributes of the  specified  file.  Load_address
       specifies the new load address to be assigned to the file. Protection
       specifies a new protection string to be assigned to the file:
          R - Read permission.
          W - Write permission
          E - Execute permission.
          D - Delete permission.

          SET MEMORY alters the contents of system  memory.  Beginning  with
       the specified address, the given data values are written sequentially
       to memory.

          SET MESSAGE enables/disables the display of DOS error messages.

          SET SYSTEM changes the system directory prefix that is to apply to
       all command searches.

          SET TRACE  enables/disables  the  display  of  commands  contained
       within a command file as they are executed.
    SHOW                                                                SHOW

            Format              : SHOW COnsole
                                       DEBug
                                       DEFault
                                       DRive <drive>
                                       FIle <filename>
                                       FRee <drive>
                                       MEMory <addr> [<addr>]
                                       MESsage
                                       SYstem
                                       TRace

            Type                : Internal

            Area of use         : System Maintenance

            Related commands    : SET

            Qualifiers          : NONE

          The SHOW command displays information about various parts  of  the
       system.

          SHOW CONSOLE displays  the  current  assignments  of  the  console
       device.

          SHOW DEBUG displays the current setting  (ON or OFF)  of the debug
       flag.

          SHOW DEFAULT displays the current default directory prefix.

          SHOW DRIVE displays the physical characteristics of the  specified
       drive.

          SHOW FILE displays the full  name,  the  load  address,  the  disk
       address, and the protection string of the specified file.

          SHOW FREE displays the number of free (unused)  disk blocks on the
       specified drive.

          SHOW MEMORY displays the contents of memory between the  specified
       addresses, in standard hex/ASCII dump format.  If only one address is
       given, 16 bytes are shown.

          SHOW MESSAGE displays the current setting (ON or OFF) of the error
       message output flag.

          SHOW SYSTEM displays the current system directory prefix.

          SHOW TRACE displays the current setting  (ON or OFF)  of the trace
       flag.
    SIM80                                                               SIM80

            Format              : SIM80 <8080 code file name>

            Type                : Application

            Area of use         : Program development, compatibility.

            Related commands    :

            Qualifiers          : /DEBUG    - Invoke the 8080 debugger.

          SIM80 is an application program which simulates the  execution  of
       an Intel 8080 microprocessor,  by interpreting the opcodes  it  reads
       from memory.

          SIM80 loads the 8080 code file at its  load  address,  and  begins
       interpreting at offset zero (0) within that image. The filetype '.80'
       is assumed.

          If the '/DEBUG' qualifier is given, SIM80 enters its resident 8080
       debugger, after the image is loaded.

          For more information, consult the SIM80 manual.
    STTY                                                                STTY

            Format              : STTY <device> [SPEED=<baud rate>]
                                                [PARITY=<parity type>]
                                                [BITS=<bits per char>]
                                                [STOP=<# stop bits>]

            Type                : Utility

            Area of use         : Serial Communications

            Related commands    : CONNECT, DOWNLOAD, INTIO

            Qualifiers          : None

          STTY  is  a  utility  which  sets  the  options  for  the   serial
       communications devices.  This is a system specific utility,  and  the
       implementation of parameters to the right of the  device  number  may
       vary, depending on the hardware in use.

          The standard STTY which functions with 6551 uart devices  has  the
       following options available:

          SPEED= is used to set the baudrate of the serial device. The value
       of <baud rate> must be one of: 50, 75, 110,  134.5,  150,  300,  600,
       1200, 1800, 2400, 3600, 4800, 7200, 9600 or 19200.

          PARITY= specifies the parity type, and must be one of: ODD,  EVEN,
       MARK, SPACE or NONE.

          BITS= specifies the number of bits per character,  and must be one
       of: 5, 6, 7 or 8.

          STOP= specifies the number of stop bits transmitted at the end  of
       each character, and must be one of: 1 or 2.

          If only the device number is given,  STTY will display the current
       settings for that device.
    TTYPATCH                                                            TTYPATCH

            Format              : TTYPATCH

            Type                : Application

            Area of use         : Terminal customization

            Related commands    : EDT, HEXED

            Qualifiers          : NONE

          The TTYPATCH utliity provides  the  capability  of  modifying  the
       terminal control codes and  function  keys  used  by  certain  screen
       oriented application programs.  Any application which uses the  "TTY"
       interface library to control  the  terminal  may  be  modified  using
       "TTYPATCH".

          TTYPATCH operates using a line by line menu interface, allowing it
       to be used regardless of the terminal type.

          Any terminal may be used for screen applications, provided that it
       has the following features:

          1) Absolute cursor positioning
          2) Clear entire screen
          3) Clear to end of line
          4) Clear to end of display
          5) One special video mode (reverse etc)
          6) Forward scrolling

          For more information, consult the "TTY" manual.
    TYPE                                                                TYPE

            Format              : TYPE <filename>|<address> [<device>]

            Type                : Utility

            Area of use         : File maintenance.

            Related commands    :

            Qualifiers          : /DISK     - Display a disk sector chain.
                                  /DUMP     - Output in hex/ASCII dump format.
                                  /MEMORY   - Display absolute memory contents.
                                  /PAGE     - Wait for key every 22 lines.

          The TYPE utility displays the contents of a file,  a disk  sector,
       or of main memory.  The data is displayed as ASCII text,  unless  the
       '/DUMP'  qualiifer  is  given,  in  which  case  it  is   output   in
       Hexidecimal/ASCII dump format.

          If the  '/DISK'  qualifier is given,  the operand is a disk sector
       number,  and TYPE will display the contents of that sector as well as
       any sectors linked to it in the disk link table.

          If the  '/MEMORY'  qualifier is given,  the operand  is  a  memory
       address,  and TYPE will display the contents of memory,  starting  at
       that address.

          If neither the  '/DISK'  or  '/MEMORY'  qualifiers are found,  the
       operand is a file name, and TYPE displays the contents of that file.

          The '/PAGE'  qualifier causes TYPE to halt the display after every
       twenty two lines of output,  and wait for a keypress from the console
       before proceding.

          If the <device>  number is specified,  TYPE outputs to that serial
       device. Otherwise, output is sent to the console device.

          When displaying text files,  TYPE expands  tab  characters  to  an
       appriopriate number of spaces assuming eight character tab stops.
    WRITE                                                           WRITE

            Format              : WRite <drive> <sector> <addr> [<size>]

            Type                : Internal

            Area of use         : Disk maintenance

            Related commands    : READ

            Qualifiers          : NONE

          The WRITE command WRITES disk sectors to the specified drive, from
       memory at the specified address.  If  <size>  is not  specified,  one
       sector is transferred.

          WARNING:  The WRITE command bypasses the DOS  filesystem,  and  if
       improperly used,  could DESTROY the contents of a disk.  It should be
       used only by persons familiar with disk  structures  during  recovery
       procedures.  Even so, it is recomended that the recovery be performed
       on a copy of the original disk.
    CUBIX User Guide                                                 Page: 9


    8. APPENDICIES

       8.1 APPENDIX 1 - Commonly used file types

             The following are some commonly used file types:

            .APL    - Saved MAPL workspace.
            .ASM    - Assembly source file
            .ASP    - Assembly pre-processor source file
            .BAD    - Used to indicate file of allocated bad sectors
            .DAT    - General data file
            .DOC    - Document processor input file
            .EXE    - Executable image file.
            .HLP    - Help libraries and files used by some applications.
            .LST    - Listing file.
            .OBJ    - Intermediate object code file.
            .OUT    - Document processor output file.
            .TMP    - Temporary files used by some utilities.
            .@      - DOS command file.
            .80     - SIM80 file of 8080 executable code.
    CUBIX User Guide                                                 Page: 10


       8.2 APPENDIX 2 - Return codes

             The following return codes are generated by CUBIX:

            0   - Success, command, program, or system request worked.
            1   - Operand to command or SSR was invalid or not supplied.
            2   - Requested file does not exist on the disk.
            3   - Operation failed because file is protected.
            4   - Attempt to read file not open for read.
            5   - Attempt to write file not open for write.
            6   - End of file encountered.
            7   - Attempt to create a file failed because the file
                  already exists on the disk.
            8   - Attempt to allocate a disk sector failed because there
                  is no available free space on the disk.
            9   - Physical disk error occured while reading or writing
                  to the disk.
            10  - Attempt to access a serial device for which no device
                  driver is installed.
            11  - Attempt to download a file from a device failed because
                  of a format error in the file.
            255 - Command was not recognized as a valid DOS command.
    CUBIX User Guide                                                 Page: 11


       8.3 APPENDIX 3 - Error messages

          1) Operand missing or invalid

             Operand to DOS command, utility, or application program was not
          supplied, or was of an invalid format.

          2) File not found

             Requested file does not exist on the disk.

          3) File protection violation

             Attempt to READ,  WRITE,  EXECUTE or DELETE the requested  file
          failed  because  the  file  does  not  have  permission  for  that
          operation enabled.

          4) File not open for read

             Results from an attempt to read a  file  using  System  Service
          Requests  (SSR's)  when the FCB specified did not indicate a  file
          which had been opened for read.

          5) File not open for write

             Results from an attempt to write a file  using  System  Service
          Requests  (SSR's)  when the FCB specified did not indicate a  file
          which had been opened for write

          6) File already exists

             Requested  file  already  exists,  and  therefore   cannot   be
          CREATEed.

          7) Insufficent disk space

             Results from any operation which attempts to  allocate  a  free
          sector on a disk when no such free sector is available.

          8) Invalid device

             Results from any operation to a serial device  when  no  device
          drivers have been installed for that device.

          9) Download format error

             Download from a serial device has been aborted due to an  error
          in the format of the download file.

          10) Error processing file: <file specification>

             An error has occured during  processing  for  the  named  file.
          Another error message follows, indicating the type of error.
    CUBIX User Guide                                                 Page: 12


          11) Error accessing block <block> on drive: <drive>

             A physical disk error has occured on the named  drive.  Another
          message follows indicating the type of error that occured.

       8.4 APPENDIX 4 - Sample command files

          FILE #1 'CD.@'

    ?* This command file allows the user to change his default directory
    ?* prefix without having to always specify the square braces around
    ?* the new one, although that will still work. The new default is
    ?* displayed.
    SET MESSAGE OFF
    SET DEFAULT ?1
    ?F SET DEFAULT [?1]
    SHOW DEFAULT
    SET MESSAGE ON


          FILE #2 'ASSEMBLE.@'

    ?* This command file runs the ASP assembly source file pre-peocessor,
    ?* Then the ASSEMBLER, then the BUILD utility, and deletes the
    ?* Intemediate files.
    ?O ASP... 
    ASP/Q ?1
    ?S ASM/T/E ?1
    ?S DELETE ?1.ASM
    ?S BUILD ?1
    ?S DELETE ?1.OBJ
